Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introductory Testimonies -- 1: Testimony: TheTrauma ofMigration. Considerations fromaFirst-Line Doctor inLampedusa -- References -- 2: Migration andPoetry -- Part II: Historical, Geography, and Health Problems of Migration -- 3: History ofMigration -- 3.1 Migrant History -- 3.2 Late Pleistocene Innovations inMigration -- 3.3 Variations inHolocene Migration -- 3.4 Anthropocene Magnification ofMigration -- 3.5 Future Changes inMigration -- 3.6 Conclusion: Functions ofMigration -- References -- 4: Migration Across History -- 4.1 Migration inDeep Time -- 4.2 Approaches totheStudy ofMigration -- 4.3 Migration andMobility totheEighteenth Century -- 4.4 Nineteenth-Century Migration Systems -- 4.5 Mass Refugee Generation intheTwentieth Century -- 4.6 Migration After the2008 Speculation Crisis -- 4.7 Conclusion: Transcultural Societal Studies -- References -- 5: History ofNorth African Migration toEurope: TheCase ofMorocco -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Prehistory -- 5.3 History -- 5.4 The Protectorate Period -- 5.5 Contemporary Migrations -- 5.6 A Particular Migration: Moroccan Jewish Migration -- 5.7 Migration inFrance -- 5.8 Migration totheUnited Kingdom -- 5.9 Migration toItaly -- 5.10 Moroccans fromSpain -- 5.11 Student Migration -- 5.12 Female Migration -- 5.13 Aging inMigration -- 5.14 Illegal Migration -- 5.15 Morocco, Country ofEmigration -- 5.16 Geopolitics ofMigration inMorocco -- 5.17 Conclusion -- Annex 1 -- Annex 2 -- References -- 6: Migration, Environment andClimate Change -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Environmental Stressors andMigrations -- 6.2.1 The Prehistoric Period -- 6.2.1.1 Migration asanAdaptive Evolutionary Strategy -- 6.2.1.2 The Expansion oftheGenus Homo Out ofAfrica

6.2.1.3 Genetic Data onPrehistoric Migrations ofHomo Sapiens into andWithin Eurasia -- 6.2.2 Historic Events -- 6.2.3 Present Time (Twentieth-Twenty-First Centuries) -- 6.2.3.1 Seasonal Migrations andNomadic Pastoralism -- 6.2.3.2 Rural/Urban Migrations andInternal Migrations -- 6.2.3.3 Environmental Refugees -- 6.3 Consequences ofMigration onNative Populations andtheEnvironment -- 6.3.1 Historical Approach of the Relations Among Newcomers/Natives/Local Environment -- 6.3.1.1 The New World -- 6.3.1.2 The Australian Case -- 6.3.2 Present Time: TheAge ofMigrations -- 6.3.3 Nutrition Environment andCulinary Traditions: ALesson fromtheALS-PDC -- 6.3.4 Long-Term Destiny ofMigrants -- 6.4 Conclusions andLessons Learned -- References -- 7: Child Migration andSchool Achievement -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 To GoAway: Psychological Implication -- 7.3 Low Income, Cognitive Development andChronic Stress Living -- 7.4 Social Isolation andCognitive Development -- 7.5 Language asaSocial Organizer -- 7.6 Executive Functions asModerating Factor Between Socio-economic Disadvantage andSchool Achievement -- 7.7 From Vulnerability toResilience -- 7.8 Recommendations onEducation Policies Supporting Migrant Children -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Barriers toHealth forMigrants andRefugees -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Migrants' Burden ofDiseases -- 8.2.1 Migration andMortality -- 8.2.2 Communicable Diseases -- 8.2.3 Non-communicable Diseases -- 8.2.4 Mental Health -- 8.2.5 Aging Migrants -- 8.2.6 Women andHealth -- 8.2.7 Child andAdolescent andHealth -- 8.3 Social Determinants ofHealth -- 8.3.1 Political Determinants ofHealth -- 8.3.2 Cultural Determinants ofHealth -- 8.3.3 Migration asSocial Determinant ofHealth -- 8.3.4 Racism asDeterminant ofHealth

8.3.5 Data Collection toIdentify Determinants ofHealth -- 8.4 Migration andHuman Rights -- 8.4.1 The Right ofMigrants toHealth -- 8.4.2 Ensuring Limits toHealth Restrictions onEntry -- 8.4.3 Migrants Detention, Human Rights, andHealth -- 8.4.4 Labor Migrants andHuman Rights -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Contribution ofMigration andRefugees Research toNeurology andNeurosciences -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Numbers ofArticles Reported by Pubmed onImmigration andRefugees andNeurology andNeurosciences -- 9.3 Neurologists inTraining andEducation Programs onImmigrant Health -- 9.4 Hosting Health System andMigration -- 9.5 Risk ofDifferent Diseases inMigrants -- 9.5.1 Stroke andCardiovascular Diseases -- 9.5.2 Dementia -- 9.5.3 Genetic Mutation inHealth andinNeurodegenerative Diseases -- 9.6 Migration andtheRisk ofMultiple Sclerosis -- 9.7 Brain Functional MR Connectivity Changes -- 9.8 Children Migration andChild Refugees -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- 10: How Can Host Countries Provide Neurological Care toMigrants andRefugees? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Global Neurological Care -- 10.3 Budgets forNeurological Disorders -- 10.4 Neurological Care -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Neurological andMental Health Problems Among Refugees fromSouth Asia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 A Brief History ofConflicts andNatural Disasters inSouth Asia -- 11.3 Defining Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, Internally Displaced Individuals and Migrants -- 11.4 Burden ofRefugees andAsylum Seekers, Globally andinSouth Asia -- 11.5 Internally Displaced Individuals -- Global andRegional Burden -- 11.6 Healthcare Challenges oftheForcibly Displaced Populations -- 11.7 Prevalence ofNeurological Diseases inDisplaced Populations

11.7.1 Acute andInfectious Neurological Conditions -- 11.7.2 Change ofFocus Towards Chronic Neurological Conditions -- 11.8 Potential Solutions forProviding Neurological Care toDisplaced Populations -- 11.9 Mental Health Diseases inDisplaced Populations -- 11.9.1 Most Prevalent Mental Health Conditions -- 11.9.2 Factors Contributing toMental Health Conditions inForcibly Displaced Individuals -- 11.10 Finding Solutions forMental Health Conditions -- 11.11 Towards aBetter Tomorrow -- Improving Health Outcomes inDisplaced Populations -- 11.12 Global Health andtheRole ofInternational Organizations -- Provision ofCare, Training, Research, andAdvocacy -- 11.13 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Neurological Disorders in Migrants -- 12: Neuroinfectious Diseases inMigrants andRefugees -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Prevalence ofMost Frequently Seen andMost Important Infectious Diseases Among Migrants andRefugees -- 12.2.1 Tuberculosis -- 12.2.2 AIDS -- 12.2.3 Antimicrobial-Resistance (AMR) andMigration -- 12.2.4 Hepatitis B andC (HBV andHCV) -- 12.2.5 Tropical Infections -- 12.2.6 The Issue ofSARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Pandemic andMigration -- 12.3 Infectious Diseases oftheNervous System -- 12.3.1 Viral Diseases ofthe Nervous System -- 12.3.1.1 HIV -- 12.3.2 Bacterial Diseases oftheNervous System -- 12.3.2.1 Central Nervous System (CNS-)Tuberculosis -- 12.3.3 Parasitic Diseases oftheNervous System -- 12.3.4 Fungal Diseases oftheNervous System -- 12.4 Screening First Arrival Migrants toIdentify Common Infectious Diseases -- 12.5 Vaccination Among Refugees andMigrants -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13: The Devastating Effects oftheCOVID-19 Pandemic Among Ethnic Minorities, Migrants, andRefugees -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Coronaviruses -- 13.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 andtheCOVID-19 Pandemic

13.3 Migration andCOVID-19 -- 13.3.1 External Migration -- 13.3.2 Internal Migration -- 13.4 COVID-19 Among Ethnic Minorities -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14: Cerebrovascular Risk Factors inMigrants andRefugees -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Cardiovascular Diseases andRisk Factors inMigrants andRefugees -- 14.3 Prevention ofCardiovascular Risk Factors -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- 15: Stroke inMigrants -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Epidemiology ofStroke inMigrants -- 15.2.1 Incidence andPrevalence inMigrant Population -- 15.3 Cardiovascular Risk Factors andSpecific Causes inMigrant Populations -- 15.3.1 Hypertension -- 15.3.2 Diabetes -- 15.3.3 Dyslipidemia -- 15.3.4 Atrial Fibrillation -- 15.3.5 Other Specific Causes -- 15.4 Socioeconomic Status andRisk ofStroke -- 15.5 Stroke Type andSubtypes -- 15.6 Stroke Severity andMortality -- 15.7 Stroke Care Access Disparities -- 15.8 Stroke Management inAcute Phase -- 15.8.1 Thrombolysis andThrombectomy -- 15.8.2 Post Stroke Rehabilitation -- 15.8.3 Secondary Prevention -- 15.9 Conclusion -- References -- 16: Multiple Sclerosis inMigrants -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods -- 16.3 Results -- 16.3.1 MS Epidemiology Worldwide, inLMIC andinHIC -- 16.3.2 Migration andMultiple Sclerosis -- 16.3.2.1 Migration fromAreas ofHigh Risk ofMS toAreas ofLowerRisk -- South Africa -- Australia andNew Zealand -- USA -- Canary Islands -- Japan -- Sudan -- 16.3.2.2 Migration fromAreas ofLow Risk ofMS toAreas ofHigherRisk -- France -- United Kingdom -- Norway -- United States ofAmerica -- Canada -- 16.3.2.3 Influence ofAge at Migration onRisk ofMS -- 16.3.2.4 Risk Change over Generations -- Change inPrevalence/Incidence Rates over Generations -- Change inAge Onset ofMS over Generations -- Change inMS Severity over Generations

16.3.3 Particularities ofMS inLMIC