Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Generic Aspects of Hybrid Imaging -- 1: Hybrid Imaging andHealthcare Economics -- 1.1 Hybrid Imaging inStable CAD (SCAD): CTCA andMPI -- 1.2 Health-Economic Implications -- 1.3 Hybrid PET-MRI andHealth-Economics Implications -- References -- 2: Industry Perspective onHybrid Cardiac Imaging -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ultra-Fast Cardiac Cameras Based onCZT Technology -- 2.3 Pinhole Imaging -- 2.4 Hybrid Imaging forDedicated Cardiac SPECT Cameras -- References -- 3: Global andRegional Peculiarities: TheIAEA Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Health Expenditures -- 3.3 The Challenge ofIntroducing Newer Technologies -- 3.4 Diagnostic Efficacy andCost Effectiveness -- 3.5 Economic Evidence ontheUse ofNuclear Cardiology -- 3.6 The Program inHuman Health oftheIAEA toSupport Nuclear Medicine andHybrid Imaging -- 3.7 Human Resources Capacity Building -- 3.8 The Growth ofHybrid Imaging inDeveloping World -- 3.9 Assessment oftheUtilization ofHybrid Imaging Worldwide -- References -- Part II: SPECT/CT -- 4: Perfusion, Calcium Scoring, andCTA -- 4.1 Coronary Dominancy andVariations -- 4.2 Calcium Scoring andAssessment ofPlaque andStenosis -- 4.3 Myocardial CT Perfusion by Dynamic CTA -- 4.4 Hybrid Analysis andImage Fusion (SPECT or PET andCTA) -- 4.5 Future Direction andVisions -- References -- 5: Hybrid Imaging oftheAutonomic Cardiac Nervous System -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System Imaging -- 5.3 SPECT andPET Tracers -- 5.3.1 Presynaptic -- 5.3.2 Post-synaptic -- 5.4 Principles inAnalysis, Quantification, andSoftware -- 5.5 Clinical Applications -- 5.5.1 ANS andMyocardial Ischemia andInfarction andHeart Failure (CMP)/Heart Transplantation -- 5.5.2 Long QT, Brugada, ARVD Detection

5.5.3 Predicting Ventricular Arrhythmias andSudden Cardiac Death withANS Imaging -- 5.5.4 ANS andCardiac Resynchronization -- 5.5.5 ANS andCardiac Amyloidosis -- 5.5.6 ANS andDM -- 5.6 Conclusion andFuture Perspectives -- 5.6.1 Potential Novel Tracers -- 5.6.2 Role ofPET/MR -- 5.6.3 New Clinical Trial -- 5.6.4 Clinical Implementation -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Dyssynchrony -- 6.1 Assessment ofLeft Ventricular Dyssynchrony by SPECT -- 6.2 Dyssynchrony asaGuide forCardiac Resynchronization Therapy -- 6.3 Dyssynchrony asaGuide forImplantable Cardioverter Defibrillator -- 6.4 Value ofDyssynchrony inIschemic Heart Disease -- 6.5 Technical Considerations intheAssessment ofDyssynchrony by SPECT -- References -- 7: Novel Techniques: Solid-State Detectors, Dose Reduction (SPECT/CT) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Technology -- 7.2.1 Solid-State Detectors -- 7.3 Dedicated Cardiac Systems -- 7.3.1 Detectors -- 7.3.2 Dedicated Cardiac Collimators andGeometries -- 7.4 SPECT/CT -- 7.5 Solid-State SPECT/CT Systems -- 7.6 Reconstruction Including Resolution Recovery andAnatomical Constraints -- 7.6.1 Performance -- 7.7 Impact ontheField -- 7.7.1 Current Clinical Use -- 7.8 Clinical Protocols -- 7.8.1 Two-Position Imaging: Upright/Supine or Supine/Prone -- 7.8.2 Low-Dose Protocols -- 7.9 Simultaneous Dual-Isotope MPI -- 7.10 Normal Perfusion Limits forSolid-State Cameras -- 7.10.1 Combined Quantification fromTwo Positions -- 7.11 Motion Correction onSolid-State Cameras -- 7.12 Potential Pitfalls -- 7.13 Emerging Clinical Techniques -- 7.13.1 SPECT Myocardial Blood Flow -- 7.13.2 Early EF -- 7.13.3 Large-Scale Clinical Validation -- 7.14 Future Hardware Designs -- 7.15 Summary -- References -- Part III: PET/CT -- 8: Myocardial Blood Flow Quantification withPET/CT: Applications

8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Coronary Circulation -- 8.3 Pre-clinical Experience/Validation Studies -- 8.4 Myocardial Blood Flow withPET: Reference Values -- 8.5 MBF andCFR inIschemic Heart Disease -- 8.6 Relationship ofCFR withFFR inIschemic Heart Disease -- 8.7 Prognostic Value ofStress MBF andCFR forRisk Stratification -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 9: Hybrid PET-CT Evaluation ofMyocardial Viability -- 9.1 Background -- 9.2 Patterns ofViability by PET -- 9.3 Metabolic Considerations -- 9.4 Protocols forAssessment ofMyocardial Viability by FDG -- 9.5 Diagnostic Accuracy ofFDG Myocardial Viability Assessment -- 9.6 Prognostic Implications ofFDG Myocardial Viability Assessment -- 9.7 FDG Myocardial Viability Assessment forGuiding Therapeutic Decision -- 9.8 Hybrid PET-Computed Tomography forMyocardial Viability Assessment -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- 10: Myocardial Inflammation: Focus onCardiac Sarcoidosis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sarcoidosis Overview -- 10.2.1 Epidemiology andDemographics -- 10.2.2 Epidemiology andDemographics -- 10.2.3 Cardiac Sarcoidosis -- 10.3 Cardiac Sarcoidosis Diagnosis -- 10.3.1 Pathology -- 10.3.2 Imaging -- 10.4 Imaging Methods -- 10.4.1 Cardiac MRI -- 10.4.2 PET -- 10.4.3 Patient Preparation forFDG Myocardial Inflammation PET -- 10.4.4 Myocardial Inflammation PET Imaging Protocol -- 10.4.5 PET Image Interpretation -- 10.4.6 Pitfalls inFDG Image Interpretation -- 10.4.7 Hybrid Imaging -- 10.5 Role ofImaging -- 10.5.1 Cardiac Sarcoid Diagnosis -- 10.5.2 Prognosis -- 10.5.3 Response Assessment -- 10.6 Guidelines -- 10.7 Future Directions forMyocardial Inflammation PET -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- 11: Novel SPECT andPET Tracers andMyocardial Imaging -- 11.1 Overview -- 11.2 Physiological Imaging -- 11.2.1 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

11.2.1.1 SPECT Perfusion Imaging -- 11.2.1.2 PET Perfusion Imaging -- 11.3 Targeted Molecular Imaging -- 11.3.1 Inflammation -- 11.3.1.1 SPECT Radiotracers -- 11.3.1.2 PET Radiotracers -- 11.3.2 Cell Death -- 11.3.2.1 Apoptosis Imaging -- 11.3.2.2 Cell Necrosis Imaging -- 11.4 Sympathetic andParasympathetic Imaging -- 11.5 Sympathetic Imaging -- 11.5.1 SPECT Radiotracers -- 11.5.2 PET Radiotracers -- 11.6 Clinical Applications ofSNS Imaging -- 11.7 Parasympathetic Imaging -- 11.7.1 Angiogenesis -- 11.7.1.1 (Sa(Bv(Sb(B3 Integrin Targeted Imaging -- 11.7.1.2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) andEndothelial Cell Imaging -- 11.8 Imaging Fibrosis andExtracellular Matrix (ECM) -- 11.8.1 Clinical Applications -- 11.8.1.1 Imaging Somatostatin Receptor -- 11.8.1.2 Imaging Integrins -- 11.8.1.3 Imaging Collagen -- 11.8.1.4 Imaging ofExtracellular Matrix Proteases -- 11.9 Monitoring Cell andGene-Based Therapies withNovel Reporter Probe Imaging -- 11.9.1 Direct Labeling -- 11.9.2 Reporter Genes -- 11.10 Theranostics -- References -- Part IV: PET/MR -- 12: PET/MR: Perfusion andViability -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Technical Specialities ofPET/MRI Systems -- 12.3 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging -- 12.4 Myocardial Viability Imaging -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13: PET/MRI: "Inflammation" -- 13.1 Introduction: ABrief History ofHybridization -- 13.2 Challenges toPET/MRI -- 13.2.1 Technical Issues -- 13.2.1.1 Hardware Incompatibilities -- 13.2.1.2 Attenuation Correction -- 13.2.1.3 Motion Correction -- 13.2.1.4 Magnet Bore andFOV -- 13.2.1.5 Software Considerations -- 13.2.2 Patient/Workflow Issues -- 13.2.3 Personnel Issues -- 13.2.4 Cost -- 13.3 Advantages ofPET/MRI -- 13.3.1 Compared toSeparate PET andMRI -- 13.3.2 Compared toPET/CT -- 13.4 Applications ofPET/MRI inInflammatory Heart Disease

13.4.1 Sarcoidosis -- 13.4.1.1 Background -- The Hybrid Approach -- 13.4.2 Myocarditis -- 13.4.3 Endocarditis -- 13.4.4 Atherosclerotic Plaque Risk Stratification -- 13.4.5 Preclinical Applications -- 13.5 Acquisition Protocol andPatient Preparation -- 13.5.1 Inflammation Protocol -- 13.6 Study Interpretation andReporting -- 13.7 Future Directions -- References -- 14: Innovations inCardiovascular MR andPET-MR Imaging -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Innovations inCardiac MR: Quantitative Cardiac MRI -- 14.2.1 Cardiac T1 andT2 mapping -- 14.2.2 Cardiac MR Fingerprinting -- 14.2.3 Cardiovascular MRI Multitasking -- 14.3 Innovations inCardiac MR: Towards Efficient 3D Whole-Heart Imaging -- 14.3.1 Dealing withPhysiological Motion -- 14.3.2 Accelerating Data Acquisition -- 14.3.3 Coronary MR Imaging -- 14.3.4 Myocardial Viability MR Imaging -- 14.3.5 Multi-Contrast Whole-Heart MR Imaging -- 14.3.6 Whole-Heart Quantitative T1 andT2 Mapping -- 14.4 Innovations inCardiac PET-MR Imaging -- 14.4.1 Motion-Compensated Cardiac PET-MR Imaging -- 14.4.1.1 Respiratory Motion Compensation -- 14.4.1.2 Cardiac Motion Compensation -- 14.4.1.3 Respiratory andCardiac Motion Compensation -- 14.4.2 Novel PET Radiotracers forClinical Cardiac PET-MR Applications -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References