Overview of Uremic Toxins
Toshimitsu Niwa
Pages 1-15
Review: Uremic Toxins and Gut Microbiome
Takehiro Suzuki, Takaaki Abe
Pages 17-39
Gut Microbiota and Systemic Uremic Solute Accumulation
Eikan Mishima
Pages 41-51
Uremic Toxin-Related Systemic Disorders
Suguru Yamamoto
Pages 53-67
Uremic Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease
Toyoaki Murohara
Pages 69-81
Indoxyl Sulfate and Arteriosclerosis
Toshiaki Nakano
Pages 83-93
Uremic Toxicity and Bone in CKD
Yoshiko Iwasaki, Hideyuki Yamato, Masafumi Fukagawa
Pages 95-114
D-serine as a Novel Uremic Toxin
Haruki Ouchi, Yosuke Hirakawa, Reiko Inagi
Pages 115-129
Uremic Solutes and Sarcopenia
Hiroshi Watanabe, Hiromasa Kato, Yuki Enoki, Hitoshi Maeda, Toru Maruyama
Pages 131-147
Toxico-Pathological Role of Hepatic Sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 in Acute Kidney Injuries
Hideyuki Saito
Pages 149-166
Accumulation of Uremic Toxins in Systemic Organs and the Effect of AST-120
Emiko Sato
Pages 167-180

This book describes the latest research on the gut-kidney axis of ureic solutes; the toxico-pathological mechanisms of uremic toxin-induced organ failure, including kidney and cardiovascular tissue; and the preventive therapeutic strategies for uremia and related organ failure associated with kidney injuries and diseases. Retained uremic toxins cause a variety of symptoms, such as hypertension, fatigue, renal anemia, osteoporosis and neurologic impairment, which are apparent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The human gastrointestinal tract contains trillions of microorganisms, referred to as gut microbiota, which support the host metabolism by producing nutrients, such as vitamins and short-chain fatty acids. However, they also produce various harmful uremic toxins that show renal and cardiovascular toxicity, and correlate with an increased mortality in CKD patients. The composition and balance of gut microbiota are associated with the accumulation of uremic toxins and the pathophysiology of CKD, and as such are being considered for a novel therapeutic strategy.