Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editor -- Contributors -- 1: Malunions: Introduction and Brief Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Patient History and Physical Exam -- 1.3 Risk Factors for Malunion -- 1.4 General Principles -- 1.4.1 Diagnosis -- 1.4.2 Radiographic Evaluation -- 1.4.3 Laboratory Evaluation -- 1.5 Definitions and Classification -- 1.6 Ramifications of Malunions -- 1.6.1 Lower Extremity Biomechanics -- 1.6.2 Long-Term Effects of Malunions -- 1.7 Management Principles -- 1.7.1 Preoperative Planning (Fig. 1.6) -- 1.7.2 Osteotomy Overview

1.7.3 Future Technology -- 1.8 Summary -- References -- 2: Malunions of the Clavicle -- 2.1 Clavicle Fractures -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Initial Fracture Treatment -- 2.1.2.1 Initial Outcome -- 2.1.2.2 Non-operative Versus Surgical Treatment -- 2.1.2.3 Complications After Initial Fracture Treatment -- 2.2 Malunion of the Clavicle -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Development of Clavicular Malunion -- 2.2.3 Incidence of Clavicular Malunion -- 2.2.4 Features of Clavicular Malunion -- 2.2.5 Consequences of Clavicular Malunion -- 2.2.6 Predisposing Factors for Clavicular Malunion

2.2.7 Prevention of Clavicular Malunions -- 2.2.8 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Clavicular Malunions -- 2.2.8.1 Presentation -- 2.2.8.2 Physical Exam -- 2.2.8.3 Diagnostic Imaging -- 2.2.9 Management of Clavicular Malunions -- 2.2.9.1 Non-surgical Treatment -- 2.2.9.2 Surgical Treatment -- Examples of Surgical Techniques -- 2.2.10 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Malunions of the Proximal Humerus -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Proximal Humerus Fractures -- 3.1.2 Epidemiology -- 3.1.3 Classification -- 3.2 Patient Evaluation -- 3.2.1 Clinical Examination -- 3.2.2 Radiographic Imaging

3.2.3 Laboratory Testing -- 3.2.4 Surgical Timing -- 3.3 Treatment Options -- 3.3.1 Non-operative Treatment -- 3.3.2 Surgical Treatment -- 3.3.2.1 Osteotomy -- 3.3.2.1.1 Tuberosity Osteotomy -- 3.3.2.1.2 Surgical Neck Osteotomy -- 3.3.2.2 Greater Tuberosity Debridement and Rotator Cuff Advancement -- 3.3.2.3 Arthroplasty -- 3.3.2.4 Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 3.5 Case Discussions -- 3.5.1 Case 1 -- 3.5.2 Case 2 -- 3.5.3 Case 3 -- 3.5.4 Case 4 -- 3.5.5 Case 5 -- References -- 4: Malunions of the Humeral Shaft -- 4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Humeral Shaft Fractures -- 4.1.2 Defining Malunion -- 4.1.3 Distinguishing Malunion from Nonunion -- 4.1.4 Incidence of Malunion -- 4.1.5 Ramification of Malunion -- 4.2 Causes of Malunion -- 4.2.1 Patient Considerations -- 4.3 Evaluation and Treatment -- 4.3.1 History -- 4.3.2 Physical Examination -- 4.3.3 Laboratory Evaluation -- 4.3.4 Radiographs -- 4.3.5 CT/MRI -- 4.4 Treatment -- 4.4.1 Initial Treatment of Humeral Shaft Fracture -- 4.4.1.1 Non-operative Management of Humeral Shaft Fractures -- 4.4.1.2 Operative Stabilization of Humeral Shaft Fractures